Effective Strategies to Minimize Exposure to PFAS (‘Forever Chemicals’), According to Experts

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that have been widely used in consumer products since the 1940s. Known for their resistance to water, stains, and heat, these substances are often referred to as “forever chemicals” due to their extreme persistence in the environment and in the human body. Although completely eliminating PFAS from our lives may not be possible, recent research suggests that individuals can take effective steps to significantly reduce their exposure.

Understanding PFAS and Their Health Impacts

PFAS are present in a wide range of consumer goods, including nonstick cookware, waterproof apparel, food packaging, stain-resistant furniture, and even personal care products. These chemicals can enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption and are known to remain in bodily tissues for decades.

Scientific studies have linked PFAS exposure to several adverse health outcomes, including:

  • Cardiovascular disease

  • Certain types of cancer

  • Neurodevelopmental and reproductive toxicity

  • Thyroid dysfunction

  • Liver and kidney damage

  • Immunosuppression

Due to their widespread use and persistence, PFAS represent a significant public health challenge. As Dr. Jennifer Freeman, Professor of Toxicology at Purdue University, notes: “PFAS exposure is among the most complex environmental health issues of our time.”

Filtering Drinking Water

One of the most effective ways to reduce PFAS exposure is by ensuring access to clean drinking water. Households are encouraged to consult publicly available data—such as the U.S. Geological Survey’s PFAS contamination map—to determine local risk levels.

When necessary, using a water filtration system certified to remove PFAS can substantially reduce intake. Filters should be verified by third-party organizations such as the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) or the Water Quality Association (WQA) for efficacy in removing PFAS compounds.

Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced new drinking water regulations for six PFAS chemicals in 2024, full implementation may take several years, making individual action essential in the interim.

Replacing Nonstick Cookware

Older nonstick cookware, particularly those made with Teflon, may release PFAS during cooking. Alternatives such as cast iron, stainless steel, or glass cookware are recommended. Some modern nonstick cookware is now manufactured without PFAS and is clearly labeled as “PFAS-free.”

Consumers should be cautious of products labeled “PFOA-free” or “PFOS-free,” as these terms may still indicate the presence of other PFAS compounds.

Monitoring Seafood Consumption

Seafood, especially filter feeders like clams, mussels, and oysters, has been identified as a significant dietary source of PFAS. Additionally, freshwater fish from contaminated lakes and rivers—such as the Great Lakes—often contain elevated PFAS levels.

While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not recommend eliminating seafood from the diet, individuals are advised to be selective about species and sources. Many states also publish local consumption advisories that can guide safer choices.

Selecting Personal Care Products

PFAS are also found in many personal care items, including cosmetics, moisturizers, and dental floss. These chemicals can be absorbed through the skin, adding to cumulative body burden.

Consumers can limit exposure by choosing products free of fluorinated compounds, often listed as ingredients containing “fluoro-” or “perfluoro-.” Mobile apps such as Clearya provide convenient tools for scanning product ingredients and verifying PFAS-free status.

Choosing Safer Furniture and Textiles

Many home furnishings, including carpets and upholstered furniture, are treated with PFAS-based coatings to repel stains and moisture. To avoid these, consumers should opt for untreated products or those explicitly labeled as PFAS-free. Environmentally safe waterproofing sprays can also serve as alternatives without compromising indoor air quality.

Reducing Packaged Food Consumption

PFAS are commonly used in food packaging materials that resist grease and moisture. These include microwave popcorn bags, fast food wrappers, and even some compostable containers.

Reducing the consumption of heavily packaged or processed foods can help limit exposure. Shopping at farmers’ markets, buying in bulk, and preparing food at home using fresh ingredients are recommended strategies. Glass, foil, and silicone containers are preferred over plastic or coated paper for storage.

Avoiding Fast Food Packaging

Investigations have shown that many popular fast food chains use packaging containing detectable levels of PFAS. A 2022 report from Consumer Reports tested over 100 packaging items from leading brands and found PFAS in a majority of them.

Reducing fast food consumption—or requesting minimal packaging when dining out—can help individuals avoid a significant source of these chemicals.

Purchasing PFAS-Free Clothing

Clothing made from synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon, and spandex is more likely to contain PFAS, especially in water- or stain-resistant garments. Consumers are encouraged to choose natural fibers such as cotton, wool, or silk, or to purchase garments from brands committed to manufacturing without PFAS.

Resources like the Green Science Policy Institute offer updated lists of PFAS-free products and apparel manufacturers.

Conclusion

Although PFAS are virtually impossible to eliminate from modern life, informed consumer choices can reduce exposure and support long-term health. By investing in safer water, food, clothing, and household products, individuals can take meaningful steps to protect themselves and contribute to broader environmental and public health outcomes.

As regulatory agencies continue to strengthen standards, individual awareness and action remain critical tools in mitigating the risks associated with PFAS.