ADHD: CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS

ADHD is a disorder that impacts thinking, behavior, and overall functioning. While the exact cause of ADHD is still unknown, research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development.

What We Know About Causes

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that typically begins in childhood but may persist into adulthood. Its primary symptoms—hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity—can become disruptive when present for more than six months. Although no single cause has been identified, experts believe multiple risk factors may contribute.

Risk Factors for ADHD

Current findings suggest ADHD is not caused by one single factor. Instead, it's influenced by a combination of:

Genetic Factors

  • ADHD tends to run in families.

  • Changes in genes may affect how the brain develops, particularly in areas related to attention and self-control.

  • Genetic variations can interfere with:

    • Neuronal communication

    • Production or regulation of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the brain)

    • Synaptic functions (how neurons connect and communicate)

Environmental (Non-Genetic) Factors

  • Prenatal exposure to toxins like lead, alcohol, or secondhand smoke

  • Stress, thyroid issues, or certain medications during pregnancy (e.g., acetaminophen, valproate)

  • Premature birth or low birth weight

  • Brain injury

???? Myths About ADHD Causes Despite popular belief, the following are not proven causes of ADHD:

  • Too much sugar

  • Food colorings or additives

  • Watching too much TV

  • Poor parenting

  • Family stress or poverty

These may worsen symptoms but are not root causes.

Is ADHD Hereditary?

Yes—having a first-degree relative with ADHD (like a parent or sibling) increases your chances of developing the condition by up to 9 times. However, genetics raise the risk—they don’t guarantee diagnosis.

Who Gets ADHD?

ADHD can affect anyone, but certain groups are diagnosed more often:

  • Age: Most common in children ages 3 to 17.

  • Sex Assigned at Birth: Boys are diagnosed more frequently than girls—partly because boys show more hyperactivity and girls tend to show less obvious signs like inattention.

  • Ethnicity: Black and white children are more frequently diagnosed than Hispanic or Asian children.

More research is needed to understand how ADHD manifests across different genders and cultures.